Nutrition Information

1. Nutrition.Gov is a US Federal Government Organization that presents the latest and excellent nutritional data.   The information provided on the website can be utilized by both professional and the general public to gain reliable, valid, current and precise knowledge regarding the latest findings in food and nutrition, physical fitness, diet, healthy eating and food safety.   The data provided on the website is evidence-based and hence is highly recommended for use by the general public who want to develop healthy food habits, reduce the chances of developing nutrition-related illnesses and reduce obesity and malnutrition. The nutritional data provided is specific to various age-groups such infants, children, adolescents, adults, women and elders.   The topics are classified according to the audience-level (such as professionals, parents, teachers, children, researchers, etc), subtopics or the age group.   All information provided on the Nutrition.gov is thoroughly referenced and can be validated.   The authors name or the authority of source along with the credentials is provided on the website. Data about physical fitness and food supplements are also provided.   The website also presents useful, updated and trustworthy links which could help the user to get more information if they are interested.   The website also provides contact information about the owner of the website (such as name, contact address, telephone and fax numbers, and email address) which permits the user to get their doubts clarified.   The website also posts the latest new in the field of food and nutrition in an attractive manner. 2. The British Nutrition Foundation is a British-based charity organization that provides the latest scientific data for educational purposes for the public (in the UK and Europe).   The website does not promote the products or the services of a particular organization and hence is recommended for use by the general public.   The website presents the latest news, research findings, healthy nutrition and diet, recipes, health and physical fitness.   The website distributes evidence-based information for use by the public and the professionals, and hence is recommended for use. This evidence-based data is obtained by the British Nutritional Foundation through research conducted with universities, academic organizations, research institutes, NGO’s, and Governmental organizations.   The information presented on the British National Foundation website is current, valid, precise and verifiable, and details of the authority of source are also presented.   The website also provides a search box to permit the user to search for accurate information, quickly. 3. The American Dietetics Association (ADA) is the Largest Nutrition Organization in the US that has more than 65, 000 members who are nutritional professionals.   These members are making an effort to interpret the latest data and finding of professional findings of nutrition into results that can be applied by the public and utilized for developing a healthier living.   Nutritional experts belonging to several Universities and organizations based in the US are members of the ADA. More:  Nutrition The website is recommended because it provides the latest findings which can be utilized because the information available on the Website is accurate, valid, current and precise.   THE ADA conducts a lot of professional research and publishes these findings which the public could access in its website.   Some of the aims of the organization include bringing about healthy body weight of children and reducing the incidences of obesity and malnutrition through research and education.   The website is user-friendly as a search engine is present on the homepage which can be used to search for precise data. The search engine enables to the user to obtain accurate data rapidly.   Professional data is also available for members and professionals.   The ADA gives a lot of concern to child health and nutrition, food safety, food technology, geriatric health and nutrition, obesity and reforms in the field of health and nutrition.   The organization had invested about US$ 270, 000 for conducting professional research and education for the benefit of the public.   

Freewill vs Predistnation in Dr Faustus Essay

Dr Faustus is a german scholar who shuts himself off from human normal life to achieve his aspirations, he is not only willing to to sell his soul to the devil but also to be the devil himself † to be a spirit in form and in substance†,Dr Faustus is born to an ordinary family in germany in a small town called Rhode , he was educated at wittenberg a famous German university and obtained a degree in theology. Faustus is a shakeasperian character he isn’t rich or a king but he is a man of hight social rank,he has a flaw in his character,the hero (dr Faustus) has a problem in his character which leads to his downfall. Faustus is a great scientist who has a great knowledge,he has an extreme pride and arrogance, he is not happy with the level of knowledge and science that he reaches, he wants to reach a level that fit with his think,he wants to control the earth , to gaine power and full control,to transcend human life Oh what a world of profit and delight† Of power,of honour,of ominopotance By comparing himself with a â€Å"studious artizan,† Faustus hopes to gain all worldly pleasures and goods as the fruits of scholarly work. He does not understand,everything must be under his command All of these things have left him unsatisfied, so now he turns to magic to black magic Faustus realizes that by practicing the dark arts, he will have extreme power in the world. This is the turning point in his transition from scholar to magician. Faustus conjured a demon, Mephistophilis, ordering him to go to Lucifer with the offer of Faustus’s soul in return for twenty-four years of power and of pleasure with Mephistopheles as servant to him, Before the time comes to sign the contract, Faustus has doupts, but he puts them aside and signs away his soul, writing with his own blood. Faustus begins his years filled with sinful nature. He feeds greedly on the art of awakening the dead,he realizes his mistake in believing power will bring him happiness,at the end of his 24 years Faustus is filled with fears and he becomes regretful for his past action,yet this comes too late when his fellow scholars find his body torns in pieces and his soul carried to hell. There is a failure of Christianity at the end of the drama because Faustus fails o repent. He cries out but no one is ready to listen . The ultimate lesson is that if we try to change our label from â€Å"Human being† into â€Å"God†, ultimate truth will be a punishment and that is terrible damnation,The end of the Faustus is really horrible,Faustus doubts in god’s existence is the worst thing. Eternal damnation is a result of suspicion in God. Indeed, Faustus is a tragic common man.

Marine Pollution Causes and Solutions Essay - 1736 Words

As the world develops and the human population grows there is more pollution being dumped into the oceans, causing major problems to marine life and ecosystems. Major causes of marine pollution involve non-point pollutants, marine garbage, toxic ocean pollutants and sewage disposal in oceans. From heavy metal poisoning including lead and mercury killing predators such as sharks and whales, to waste getting trapped in the digestive tracts of marine animals, this essay focuses on how human interference causes horrifying problems to the marine life, but also how to fix it. It will also explore the normal activities of people including farming and how this can cause an imbalance in an ecosystem. Everyday activities can cause massive nutrient†¦show more content†¦PCB’s (polychlorinated biphenyls) and dioxins have been in focus recently as there are concerns that the different structures are appearing to mimic the effects of female oestrogenic hormones. (Gray 1996) These ch emicals can cause genetic chromosomal problems and major concerns to the reproductive effectiveness of marine animals. Oil spills and the burning of wood and coal can cause poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which has a negative effect on all wildlife causing genetic abnormalities. (EMCBTAP-ENVIS Newsletter 2002). Global Warming Global warming is a major problem when providing a suitable habitat and lifestyle for ample marine life. With sea levels rising there are consequences to plant life in coastal wetlands that can not handle the amount of water being provided. The wetlands are important in their job to protect the species they contain and for stabilizing coastlines. Storms are increasing in magnitude and severity, causing the transport of nutrients to marine life to be disturbed. As shores move further inland animals will have to move and adapt, history has shown how this can decrease populations. In the future both rare and abundant species could become locally extinct, with rare species on the verge of becoming totally extinct. Marine garbage Another cause of marine pollution is the discarding of garbage into oceans, rivers and dams. The situation is a major problem causing harm to marine life and ecosystems all over the world. OldShow MoreRelatedMarine Pollution : Causes, Effects, And Solutions2155 Words   |  9 PagesSarah Volker Prof. D. Johnson College Composition 2 April 20, 2016 Marine Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions With all the focus on climate change and greenhouse emissions, corporations and individuals around the world have continued to quietly pollute our water sources. Marine pollution has become a very large issue in our world, affecting marine ecosystems and humans. This can be seen all over the world. Plastics are currently floating all over the Earth’s oceans. Chinese fisheries areRead MoreThe Issue of Marine Life Pollution1538 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Essay: Marine Life Pollution Introduction: Pollution can be defined in different prospective including economics. The economics definition of pollution denotes pollutions as loss of environ quality. Furthermore it defines the cost of pollution as the cost of environmental loss (Goodstein, 2011). However the literary meanings of pollution are defined as the contamination of environment that can cause harmful effects on the inhabitants. These effects are particular with the environment and a numberRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Marine Ecosystem And Animals1376 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrial economy pollution has found their way to the ocean. Ocean pollution is a complex series of problems that are linked to many causes that can cause an affect to marine life as well as human life. It is shown that ocean has suffered from a great deal of pollution as far back as Roman times. Eighty percent of pollution in the ocean are inked to human causes such as—industrial growth, oil, burning of fuels, litter on the beach and agriculture just to name a few. The pollution in the ocean effectsRead MorePoint Source Pollution Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Literature Introduction Pollution has been an ongoing program that dates back thousands of years and consists of air, noise, water, light, soil, thermal, and radioactive forms (causes). This research paper will concentrate on water pollution, types, causes, and solutions to deal with what possibly will lead to an inevitable destruction of our environment, leading to water ways that cannot sustain life. Life cannot exist without clean, or non-polluted water. Since our drinking water andRead MoreThe Effects Of Sea Pollution On Our Lives1087 Words   |  5 Pageslife would not be possible without the ocean. This is why ocean pollution is so important and an issue that needs to be addressed as soon as possible. The majority of people seem to think that since the ocean is so large and vast, we can dump as much trash or waste as we d like into it without it ever effecting us. Unfortunately, that is not the case. Our oceans are diminishing rapidly, and we are only expediting the process with pollution. We depe nd on the ocean for many things in our life, and withoutRead MoreGlobal Water Pollution: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesWater pollution has become a huge problem in many countries all over the world. It is known that water is a very significant factor in life, but if this water becomes contaminated, it will be very dangerous for the humanity and wildlife. Pollution is defined as to make fetid or unclear and dirty (American College Dictionary). So, water pollution means the change in the water composition to be dirty or unclear. This essay will examine the causes of water pollution, the effect of that issue in lifeRead MoreWater Pollution Throughout Americ Clean And Abundant Water1560 Words   |  7 PagesTayton Wyrick ENG101 Dr. Wachter 10/29/14 Water Pollution in America Clean and abundant water provides the groundwork for flourishing communities. Still, as a nation we are heading towards a national water crisis. Ocean and marine dumping, leaking chemicals, dredging, and run-off all participate in the depletion in quality water in the United States and little to nothing is being done to stop it. Our country is struggling with keeping an abundance of clean water to support its life, yet itsRead MoreThe Effects of Ocean Pollution on the Environment1650 Words   |  7 Pages Our oceans take a large beating every day by the extremely large amount of pollution humans produce. Our society easily dumps their waste into the oceans to dispose of the excessive amount of garbage, sewage, and chemicals, but this small and simple solution is creating an even bigger problem. The way humans dispose of their wastes is causing the death of our beloved marine life. Not only are we killing off our animals, our food source, and our resources, we are also minimizing ou r usable waterRead MorePersuasive Essay On Air Pollution1099 Words   |  5 PagesPollution is a highly increasing, man- made issue that is continually degrading the quality of the environment. Ocean pollution, industrialization and air pollution are intertwining significant causes to large degradation of the health status of our oceans, air, and people. Polluting one landmark of the Earth creates an even more dangerous lasting impact on the others. Pollution is continually becoming an issue that could potentially become irreversible if immediate actions are not taken. It is urgentRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Pollution On Our Oceans1593 Words   |  7 Pagesfreshwater as well as marine life. Plastic pollution effects not only the ocean and its’ marine life, but humans as well and not just in the United States, but everywhere. Landfills are running into water systems every day, carrying more plastics and trash into all of the oceans. For instance, in the Mediterranean Sea, se wage is untreated and that totals eighty percent. Sewage can lead to eutrophication, which is an enrichment of chemicals in an ecosystem, but it can cause human diseases as well

Discipline is Not Abuse Essay - 860 Words

Many people today are getting arrested for simply disciplining a child. But, in older times disciplining a child set good moral standards and taught that child on what that child was supposed to do and what not to do. There is a fine line between abuse and discipline. So what is child abuse? Child abuse consists of any act of commission or omission that endangers or impairs a child’s physical or emotional health and development. Child abuse includes any damage done to a child which cannot be reasonably explained and which is often represented by an injury or series of injuries appearing to be non-accidental in nature. There are also different kinds of child abuse; which include physical, emotional, and sexual. But, discipline does not†¦show more content†¦This is a very effective way to discipline a child because this helps that child be a responsible family member and citizen of the society (Bugwadia). Discipline also leads to more respect from the child. When children are disciplined at home, those children tend to be respectful towards others. Those children say respectful things like good morning, please, thank you, etc. Also, discipline instills appropriate behavior. When a parent disciplines their child for poor behavior, he or she learns about what behavior is acceptable. According to an article in the journal Pediatrics and Child Health, â€Å"Discipline can foster appropriate behavior in children, teaching them how to interact with others, when to postpone pleasure and how to tolerate discomfort† (Carpenter). With effective child discipline, that child will be respectful his or her whole life. For example, if a child borrows something from their parents, the parents car or jacket, and doesn’t return it either with a full tank or washed, than next time when they ask, the answer will be no. Next time around they are going to respect the parents and the parentsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ things if that child wants access to the parents’ belongings, they are going to return it the way they found it (Radzka). Discipline also builds a healthy relationship between the child and the parents. Children need to feel a sense of security at home. In a secure home environment, a child feels protected and isShow MoreRelatedIs It Child Abuse Or Discipline?1436 Words   |  6 PagesIs It Child Abuse or Discipline? Child abuse viewed in the form of discipline is a growing epidemic that affects both the child in the present and can also damage them emotionally or physically in the future. The line between child abuse and discipline may seem obvious to most people, but where is the line actually drawn? Child abuse is anything that emotionally or physically endangers/impairs a child’s well-being, whereas discipline is correcting a behavior in a manner that helps the child’s growthRead MoreIs Discipline A Child Abuse?969 Words   |  4 PagesIs Discipline Child Abuse? What does the word child abuse mean in your own words? Some people believe child abuse includes neglect, punishment, physical or emotional maltreatment. Child abuse is all over the world. Every day a child is either abused or neglected. Since the late 1900’s child abuse was commonly used in the United States (Gale). Now it is slowly coming to its ending point. Since 1992, only two states, Delaware and Oklahoma, have experienced consistent increases today. Is disciplineRead MoreAbuse vs Discipline2041 Words   |  9 PagesBlake Moss Abuse Versus Discipline A mother spanks her child in a public parking lot. While a nearby citizen watches in horror and begins to dial 911. Is this wrong? Does the mother have authority to do this to her own child? Who gets to decide how the mother disciplines her child? Why here? These are the questions that come across the mind of todays society. Most people would agree that the child did something â€Å"wrong,† but opinion collide on how the mother should discipline the child. ParentsRead MoreEssay on Abuse and Proper Discipline1226 Words   |  5 PagesCharlene Hennig Professor Hinton ENC 1101-59961 August 28, 2014 I have experienced many things in my life. All of my life experiences have affected me in different ways. Some experiences were good and some were not. The physical abuse I experienced by my father was the most impactful experience. A parent is supposed to create a safe, stable, and loving home. Instead my father created a home of fear, instability, and inconsistency. This affected my behavior in school, and how I reactRead MoreChild Abuse And Child Discipline925 Words   |  4 Pageschild abuse and child discipline. Abuse is any action that intentionally harms or injures another person. Discipline is punishment that is intended to correct or train. Some parents do not see the harm in their form of discipline, but others may view it as abuse. It may not be the parent’s intention to harm their child but it is something that occurs. â€Å"In 2012, state agencies found an estimate 686,000 of child maltreatment.† .*(*Kids Count) Every year more than 3 million r eports of child abuse areRead MoreParental Discipline And Child Abuse1809 Words   |  8 Pagesdisrespectful, etc. This is also known as parental discipline. Although it may not seem like it there is a clear boundary separating parental discipline from child abuse. Parental discipline is intended for the betterment of the child, while child abuse is for the parent or guardian s sick, demented pleasure. This clarification allows discussion to begin concerning the main point. Even though it could be seen as abusive in the eyes of the public, parental discipline is necessary for a child to become moreRead MorePosition Paper- Child Abuse and Discipline1181 Words   |  5 PagesPARENTAL DISCIPLINE AND ABUSE Parental discipline and child abuse are among the most controversial topics currently, and they cause serious problems for children in the United States. Child abuse essentially focuses on the child’s bad behaviors and gives the child emotional and physical harms. Forms of abuse include spanking, hitting, saying negative things and corporal punishment. In fact, parental discipline is a much more appropriate way of dealing with negative behavior than using abusiveRead MoreThe Difference Between Child Abuse And Discipline1200 Words   |  5 Pages Do you know the difference between child abuse and discipline? Child Abuse is when someone physically and mentally hurts another person. Discipline is teaching someone or something to do the right thing. Child Abuse is very common in the United States. Many children suffer from bruising, swelling skin, and broken bones. Situations like this happen because of problems at home or personal problems. Parents at home abuse their children because of drinking and depression issues. In this crazy worldRead MoreDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Words   |  4 PagesDiscipline or Abuse? A Thin Line Revealed A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face, knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it, then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â€Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people oftenRead MoreDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Words   |  4 Pages Discipline or Abuse? A Thin Line Revealed A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â€Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people

The use of torture has become a prominent matter of...

The use of torture has become a prominent matter of dispute as we enter an age of the global war on terror. The debate on whether it has become morally permissible to torture terrorists is argued by many as the legitimacy of such actions are brought into question in a world where global terror is outstanding. With the use of the ticking time bomb scenario, some make a desirable case that in special circumstances, there is a right to torture individuals implicated is acts of mass violence. Yet many would still argue that there are an array of inconsistencies hidden within the ticking bomb scenario and there are no circumstances where torture can be morally permissible, no matter what the consequences may hold. The ticking time bomb†¦show more content†¦Like most people who debate the use of torture in global war, Krauthammer agrees that in general interrogation methods it cannot be justified but believes that the ticking time bomb scenario is the only exception to this justification. Even then he states that it is an issue that should involve highly specialised individuals who are experts in torture techniques and interrogation. (Krauthammer, 2005:4) If we legitimise torture by means of specialised and trained individuals in the ticking bomb scenario, is he suggesting that we train people to commit these acts in the way that we gain the crucial information without inflicting fatal injury? It would be argued then, that Krauthammers specialised group of individuals with the knowledge in torture would create a type of torture culture in society and would not only make torture morally permissible in the scenario, but legitimise its use completely. (Luban, 2005:1446) Krauthammers idea of limiting torture techniques to specialised individuals and creating a torture culture conflicts significantly with the right of torturing individuals in extreme circumstances. A torture culture built upon teaching becomes a form of practice and with that, the activity of torture becomes a socially organised affair. It becomes a legitimate exercise and in reference to the ticking time bomb scenario, insinuates the normalisation of torture and a torture culture. (Luban, 2005:1445-46) David Luban claims thatShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesHodgetts A Pioneer in International Management Education iii This page intentionally left blank Preface C hanges in the global business environment continue unabated. The global financial crisis and economic recession have challenged some assumptions about globalization and economic integration, but they have also underscored the interconnected nature of global economies. Most countries and regions around the world are inextricably linked, yet profound differences in institutional and culturalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesattribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was

Collateral Contracts and Contractual Promises MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Collateral Contracts and Contractual Promises. Answer: Introduction With regards to the issue of promissory estoppel and the collateral contracts, under the common law of contract, a landmark decision was given in the case of Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd [2016] HCA 26. This decision is very crucial with regards to the commercial leases, as it defines how the two principles of collateral contracts and promissory estoppels can be applied in the pre contractual negotiations and the manner in which, a defense can or cannot be taken, on the basis of these two principles. Initially, in this case, it was held by the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal that the statements which were made in this case by the Crown, resulted in a collateral contract being established. And due to the presence of a collateral contract, the Crown was obligated to renew the terms of the lease, which had been breached by it. This was followed by an appeal in Supreme Court of Victoria, which stated that there was an absence on the statement being promissory in nature, which is a requirement to establish a collateral contract. And they also stated that if a contract was formed on these bases, the same would be void, as well as, illusory due to the uncertainty in the statement made. However, a final verdict was made in this case by the High Court, where the majority of them held that the statement could not be held to have given rise to a collateral statement, and there was also an absence of a valid claim for estoppel. An emphasis was made by the High Court that for claiming an estoppel, there was a necessity of the representation being unambiguous, clear and precise. The given case study is based on this very case of Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd. And so, the principles on which this case is based, along with the case presented by each side, have been covered below, with the two parties being Bertini and Garland. A precise statement regarding the definition of collateral contract is a separate contract, the existence of which is based on the main contract being drawn. In general, it can be defined as a single term contract, in which the contractual terms are based on the original or the main contract (Stone and Devenney 2015, p. 192). In the case of Heilbut Symons Co v Buckleton [1913] AC 30, it was stated by Lord Moulton that a collateral contract would be defined as a promise, which falls short in being a segment of a main contract and the enforceability of the same is attained through drawing a collateral contract. A collateral contract can be evidenced on the basis of principle and on the basis of authority. And it is such a contract for which, the consideration is made in another contract or the main contract. The collateral agreement is complementary to the main contract, yet, it has an autonomous existence, and there is no doubt towards the full character or the status of the same being a legally valid contract (Swarb 2017a). Hence, a collateral contract is one through which, the parties under a specific contract come together and form a new contract, where the terms of this new contract/ collateral contract is a matter incidental to the original contract. In case the main contract ceases to exist or is absent, the existence of the collateral contract also ends. Hence, even though the collateral contract is autonomous and separate, it remains as a supplement to the main contract drawn (Barrett 2009, p. 63). Majorly, two conditions have to be fulfilled in order to form a collateral contract. The first one relates to the fact that the collateral contract has to be consistent with the original contract. And the second issue is that the same has to be promissory in nature. In case both of these conditions are fulfilled in a contract, the same is deemed as a collateral contract and is enforceable in a lawful manner. And a claim can be brought forward in a Court regarding the same. The collateral contract has to be enforceable as being a part of the original contract, in addition to the same being a separate contract, which relates to the initial contract (Bailey 2016, p. 2793). There are broadly four elements of a collateral contract. The first element is that it has to be in a promissory nature. The second one is that there has to be a presence of promise, which comes after a statement. The third element relates to having a consistency amongst the original and the subsequently drawn contract. And the last element is that all the essential elements of a contract, i.e., offer and acceptance, intention, clarity, consideration and capacity have to be present in such a collateral contract (Russell 2012, p. 38). A complementary requirement, along with these four elements is that the statement which is made under this collateral contract has to be such, which induces the party into going forward with the originally drawn contract (Furst and Ramsey 2015, p. 192). In the case of Evans Sons Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1078, it was held by Lord Denning MR that when a person forwards a promise or an assurance to some other person, and where the intention is to take action on it through forming a contract, the collateral contract in such cases is held is binding and holds the parties in a legal relationship (Swarb 2017b). De Lasalle v Guildford (1901) 2 KB 215 helps in providing clarity regarding the requirement of the main contract and collateral contract being consistent (University of the South Pacific 2017). Under the quoted matter, negotiations took place amongst the contracting parties, which related to the lease of a house, and this was done by a letter being sent. The tenant applied for assurances from the landlord, regarding ensuring that the drain was in good and proper order and this assurance was sought even before the contract was signed. The terms of the lease were affirmed between the contractual parties. The tenant did not let the landlord conclude the deal till such time period where the landlord gave the assurance to the tenant, as per which the drain was stated as being in a proper order. This assurance, in this case, was taken to be a collateral contract. The landlord claimed that the drain was in a proper order, even though in reality, the same lacked order. The court established that the representation which was made in this case by the landlord, pertaining to the condition of the drain being proper, had to be considered as being a warranty. Further, this representation was a collateral contract to the lease, as being the original contract. The reason for this stems from the fact that a term, or a promise, which was not a term of the main/ original contract, had to be enforced through the collateral contract, made through the representation (Swarb 2017c). There is one more case law, i.e., the case of Hoyt's Pty Ltd v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133, which helps in clarifying that the collateral contract has to be consistent with the main contract (Gibson and Fraser 2014, p. 487). Under the quoted matter, the building of the landlord was sublet from Spencer to Hoyts. One of the terms in the sublease provided that there was a requirement of four weeks notice in advance and in writing in case the lease had to be terminated by Spencer and the same could be done at any time, provided this condition was fulfilled. A verbal agreement was attained between the parties regarding the lease to not be terminated by Spencer, till the same it was given to the landlord. Even though none of the conditions stated above were satisfied, Spencer terminated the sublease. Hoyts made a claim before the Court that a collateral contract was formed in this case, due to the ensuing assurances. However, the claims made by Hoyts were quashed by the court as a result of the inconsistency between the collateral and the main contract (Jade 2017a). Apart from the elements of the collateral contract, the individual who formulates a collateral contract has to establish that the contract was formed in the main contract, and not as per the representation of it being a collateral contract. And that the same is made in consideration of the original or the main contract (McFarlane, Hopkins and Nield 2012, p. 203). The case of J J Savage and Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney [1970] HCA 6 helps in attaining clarity on the promissory nature of the statement made for the collateral contract. In this particular matter, a boat was purchased from J J by Blakney. As per one of the letters which was written by J J, the engine of the particular boat had the ability of attaining the maximum speed. However, Blakney came to know later that that engine of the boat was a lot slower when compared to the letter written by J J. This discovery came in a little too late, after the deal was completed. As a result of this, Blakney initiated legal actions against J J for the breach, which took place of the collateral contract (Jade 2017b). In this case, it was stated by the High Court that the letter which was sent by J J to Blakney contained only an opinion and there was no representation in the same. And so, the same could not be claimed by Blakney, as it was just a requirement of the contract. If Blakney had to take it as the base of a collateral contract, he should have inserted the boats speed as being one of the specifications in the terms of contract drawn between the two. Along with these, Blakney should have satisfied himself about the magnitude or the value which would have been deemed as the maximum speed of the engine of the boat on his part. So, the claim of Blakney regarding the collateral contract in this case, due to the lack of clarity in the terms, and an opinion was made drawn instead of a representation (Australian Contract Law 2017). One of the applicable principles under the common law of contract is the promissory estoppel. Under this doctrine, the law can enforce a promise which has been made, even in such situations where the promise is made without a formal consideration. Though, for the applicability of this doctrine, it has to be shown that a promise was made, and that the promisee relied upon the promise made by the promisor and which ultimately proved to be detrimental for such a promisee (Helewitz 2007, p. 91). This doctrine stems from the need of stopping the promisor from undertaking such a contention that the promise which has been made, should not be upheld in a lawful matter or that the same should not be enforced. This doctrine helps the aggrieved party in making a recovery, due to the promise made. It is to be noted that the reliance is required to be made on the basis of reasonable matter, so that a claim can be held under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, along with the same being detrimenta l in nature for the promisee (Blum 2007, p. 207). In the case of Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) 76 ALR 513, the plaintiff made a representation that they wanted to replace one of the buildings, which was owned by the defendant. Relying upon this particular representation made by the plaintiff, the defendant demolished that building that was there and initiated the construction of a brand new building. A question was raised in this matter, regarding whether or not the plaintiff could be estopped from saying no to the contract, which was not yet brought into existence. The court held that this claim could be allowed for the reasons of the powers of equity to intervene for the protection of non-contractual assurances (Webstroke Law 2014). Moreover, the High Court of Australia believed that it was unconscionable on part of the party to maintain their silence and stand without saying anything, when they were aware of the fact that the other party was proceeding on the presumption that a binding agreement had been drawn (S warb 2016d). And so, through the use of promissory estoppel, the party can be stopped from making a back turn on the promise made by them, and the one which is unsupported through a consideration. For establishing this doctrine, certain things have to be present, which include a pre-existential lawful obligation or a legal contract, which is later on amended and there needs to be clearness and clarity in the promise, there also has to be change of position and last but not the least, the same is to be considered as inequitable, through which, the promisor has the power of making a back turn on the issue of the promise (E-Law Resources 2017a). The inception point of this doctrine lies in the case dating back to 1940s, under the matter of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees Ltd [1947] KB 130. The same was initiated by Denning J as the orbiter statement in this case (E-Law Resources 2017a). In this particular matter, the defendant leased a certain block of flats from the plaintiff and the price for these blocks was affixed as a ground rent of 2,500. This lease was taken in the year of 1937, which was a war period and these were new block of flats back then. A lot of difficulty was faced being faced by the defendant for getting full number of tenants for the available flats for rent. And due to the vacancy in the flats, the defendant could not make any profits as the ground rent still had to be paid by them. Till 1940, due to the period of war, the situation seemed to be at a standstill for the defendant. Hence, both of the parties agreed that the rent would be reduced at half, till the time the war period was over . This was got in writing by the parties. And till the period of 1941, the defendant paid reduced amount of rent to the plaintiff. When the war ended, and the flats became fully occupied, the plaintiff made an application to the defendant to restore the originally agreed upon ground rent. It was held in this case that the plaintiff was stopped from recovering the rent for the reduced period due to the applicability of this principle. And so, the plaintiff could not make a back turn on the promise they made, even in absence of valid consideration, for the subsequent agreement (E-Law Resources 2017b). The remedies which can be attained in case of a collateral contract being breached are same as the case of violating the normal contract. So, an individual can apply for penal damages, whereby monetary compensation is awarded for the breaching the contract, to the aggrieved party by the breaching party (Latimer 2012, p. 469). The aggrieved party can also apply, depending upon the case, for getting the contract rescinded, or stopping the breaching party from doing something by getting an injunction order or by attaining an order for specific performance through which the breaching party is ordered to carry out certain activity (Clarke 2016). Whether a successful claim can be made by Bertini with regards to a collateral contract being formed, along with the applicability of promissory estoppel, which gives rise to the available remedies, or not? The given scenario depict that a case can easily be made by Bertini as per the issue revolving around the concept of collateral contract. Here, the lease would be deemed as the main contract and for the same, a lot of negotiations underwent on part of both the parties. The outcome of these negotiations was the terms of the contract being finalized as being a period of five years. Though, one statement was made in this case by Garland, whereby he mentioned that the lease should be signed by Bertini as per the negotiations taken place and should also refurbish the restaurant as per the levels desired by him, before a major global level event took place in Melbourne. In this statement he stated that Garland would look after Bertini when the renewal time would be due (Jade 2017c). The statement made by Garland here forms the base of a collateral agreement. This can be stated due to the presence of all the requisite elements of the collateral contract through this very statement. In the given case study, the statement which has been made by Garland has a nature of being promissory as it promises to look after Bertini at a certain point of time in future. Other than this, there is an apparent consistency between the lease agreement and the collateral statement made. The reason for consistency is that both of these are related and because the time lines of both these contracts are synchronized, whereby at the end of first contract, the collateral contract would be applied. So, when the period of five years would end for the lease agreement, the taking care of Bertini through the collateral contract would begin (Jade 2017c). There was an obvious reliance on part of Bertini regarding the promise which was made being a collateral contract. Bertini genuinely believed that he would be taken care of at the end of the lease period and so he undertook the refurbishment expenses, which were very high in value as they amounted to $2 million. He would not have undertaken this expense, if he did not believe that the lease would be extended. Moreover, due to the extension of the lease term to a further period of five years, he had a chance of gaining $200,000 as the value of ordinary profits and $100,000 as the value of exceptional profits, as a result of the lucrative deals/ offers, which he got for the expected renewal of the lease period (Freeman 2016). This shows the presence of the elements required to be present for establishing a case of promissory estoppel also. Even though there was a shortfall of a consideration, as being one of the elements in every legally binding contract, the same is not required due to this very principle of promissory estoppel, in the same manner as was established in the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees Ltd. In the quoted case, there was a lack of consideration and still the court estopped the defendant from making a back turn on the undertaken promise. Hence, using his principle of promissory estoppel, Garland can be easily stopped by Bertini on taking a walk back on his words spoken while making the promise or the drawn collateral contract. Another point which helps in establishing that a collateral contract was indeed made was the point that this representation made by Garland induced Bertini into entering into the main contract for the lease of five years. He always wanted to enter a ten year lease but believed in the statement made by Garland. And as all the elements required forming a contract and a collateral contract were clearly present in this case, Garland can be estopped from violating the statement which was made by him. To conclude, Bertini can easily attain the help of issues which are borne out of the two concepts of promissory estoppel and collateral contract. In this case, Garland had made certain representation, which gave rise to the collateral contract. As per this representation, Garland owes an obligation to Bertini to make an offer as per the terms desired by Bertini, i.e., for a further period of 5 years. So, when this matter would be raised before the appropriate authority, the claims of Bertini would be upheld and he would be awarded a suitable amount of damages, in addition to an interest on the same. However due to the lack of clarity in this matter regarding to the statement, attaining an order for getting Garland to enter into an extended lease as per the terms desired by Bertini is difficult (High Court of Australia 2016). Whether a successful defense can be established by Garland with regards to a collateral contract being formed, along with the applicability of promissory estoppel, which gives rise to the available remedies, or not? As a claim has been made by Bertini regarding the statement being a collateral contract, the same has to be proved as wrong for establishing defense for Garland, and after that only the applicability of the principle of promissory estoppel is to be contested. In case it can be established that a collateral contract was not present in this case, the entire case can be wrapped up. For making such a decision, the view which a reasonable individual would have, needs to be considered (Corrs Chambers Westgarth 2016). If the circumstances were presented before a reasonable individual in similar situation, a view would have been formed by such a reasonable individual that Bertini would have been taken care of when the time of the renewal of the five year lease came. However, such an individual would not make an interpretation that the statement of Garland was a binding contractual obligation for another period of five years lease upon the expiry of original lease period. This is because there is lack in clarity in what can be deemed as taking care of. There is also a chance of the claim failing on the basis of promissory estoppel. This is because of an absence of establishing that Garland was stopped from withdrawing the lawful relation, which is a requirement for establishing a case of promissory estoppel (Kent 2016). Another issue in this case relates to the assurances which were given to Bertini by his landlord Garland, due to the lease period being extended due to the applicability of estoppel. And that if an enforceable contract was actually formed between these two, when the period of the lease expired, whereby Bertini had to be granted a new lease on the desired terms of Bertini and which corresponded to the terms of the originally drawn lease (Time Base 2016). The most that can be done is considering that the statement which was made was a representation and that it failed to give rise to an estoppel. There is also clear evidence which depicts that garland had no notion of renewing the lease as he had explicitly denied a ten year lease and did not budge on the requests made by Bertini (Clarke, 2016). This was done to have uniformity with the other tenants of Garland. Hence, this expectation on part of Bertini that the lease would be extended was completely baseless. A reasonable person would not have made such a view point (Australasian Legal Information Institute 2016). This was coupled with a lack of clarity in the statement made by Garland based on the case of J J Savage and Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney. The level of taking care or on what basis Bertini would have been taken care of was never stated. Hence, this statement was vague and was also incomplete. Nothing in this statement suggested an extension of the term period of the lease and so, the promise could not be enforced (Doyles Construction Lawyers 2014). Conclusion To conclude, there is a clear lack of both of the principles in this case. Hence, the contentions of Bertini cannot be carried forward. The statement made could not be deemed as a base for promissory estoppel or the same as being a collateral contract due to the ambiguity in it. This statement was just encouraging in nature and could not be used as being a base for the claims made by Bertini under the two principles (Boys and Thorpe 2016). Hence, a successful defense can be established by Garland due to lack of both of the principles of promissory estoppel and collateral contract. References Australasian Legal Information Institute 2016, Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd [2016] HCA 26 (20 July 2016), retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/2016/26.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Cosmopolitan%20Hotel Australian Contract Law 2017, JJ Savage v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435, High Court of Australia, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/savage.html Bailey, J 2016, Construction Work, 2nd edn, Routledge, Oxon. Barrett, K 2009, Defective Construction Work, Blackwell Publishing, West Sussex, UK. Blum, BA 2007, Contracts: Examples Explanations, 4th edn, Aspen Publishers, New York. Boys, T and Thorpe, W 2016, New High Court case: Landlords promise to renew leases does not give rise to collateral contract or promissory estoppel, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.holdingredlich.com/dispute-resolution-litigation/new-high-court-case-landlord-s-promise-to-renew-leases-does-not-give-rise-to-collateral-contract-or-promissory-estoppel Clark, M 2016, Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2016/07/20/crown-case-page/ Clarke, P 2016, Remedies for Breach of Contract, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/breach-of-contract-equitable-remedies.html Corrs Chambers Westgarth 2016, Consequences of Vague Encouragement In Commercial Negotiations, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.corrs.com.au/publications/tgif/consequences-of-vague-encouragement-in-commercial-negotiations/ Doyles Construction Lawyers 2014, Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd Anor [2013] VSC 614, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/casewatch/1138_Crown-v-Cosmopolitan_Hotel.pdf E-Law Resources 2017a, Promissory estoppel, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Promissory-estoppel.php E-Law Resources 2017b, Central London Property Trust v High Trees House [1947] KB 130 High Court, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Central-London-Property-Trust-v-High-Trees-House.php Freeman, I 2016, Collateral contracts and contractual promises: Clarification from the High Court, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.lavan.com.au/advice/collateral_contracts_contractual_promises_clarification_from_high_court Furst, S and Ramsey, V 2015, Keating on Construction Contracts, 9th edn, Sweet Maxwell, London. Gibson, A and Fraser, D 2014, Business Law 2014, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia. Helewitz, JA 2007, Basic Contract Law for Paralegals, 5th edn, Aspen Publishers, New York. High Court of Australia 2017, Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2016/HCA/26 Jade 2017a, Hoyt's Pty Ltd v Spencer, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=62816 Jade 2017b, J J Savage and Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=66237 Jade 2017c, Crown Melbourne Limited v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd [2016] HCA 26; 90 ALJR 770, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://jade.io/article/484545 Kent, C 2016, A closer look at Crown Melbourne v Cosmopolitan Hotel HC decision, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.wolterskluwercentral.com.au/legal/conveyancing/closer-look-crown-melbourne-v-cosmopolitan-hotel-hc-decision/ Latimer, P 2012, Australian Business Law 2012, 31st edn, Sydney, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney, NSW. McFarlane, Hopkins and Nield 2012, Land Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Russell, CA 2012, Opinion Writing In Contract Law, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London. Stone, R and Devenney, J 2015, The Modern Law of Contract, 11th edn, Routledge, Oxon. Swarb 2017a, Heilbut Symons and Co v Buckleton: HL 11 Nov 1912, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://swarb.co.uk/heilbut-symons-and-co-v-buckleton-hl-11-nov-1912/ Swarb 2017b, Evans and Son (Portsmouth) Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd: CA 1976, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://swarb.co.uk/evans-and-son-portsmouth-ltd-v-andrea-merzario-ltd-ca-1976/ Swarb 2017c, De Lasalle v Guildford: CA 1901, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://swarb.co.uk/de-lasalle-v-guildford-ca-1901/ Swarb 2017c, Walton Stores (Interstate) Limited v Maher: 1988, retrieved 02 May 2017, https://swarb.co.uk/walton-stores-interstate-limited-v-maher-1988/ Time Base 2016, Crown Melbourne Ltd v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd: "Collateral Contract" "Promissory Estoppel", retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.timebase.com.au/news/2016/AT277-article.html University of the South Pacific 2017, Oral Statements, retrieved 01 May 2017, https://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/courses/LA201E_Law_of_Contract_1/LA201E_topic8_unit1.htm Webstroke Law 2014, Waltons Stores Ltd v Maher [1988], retrieved 02 May 2017, https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/waltons-stores-ltd-v-maher-1988

Inherent Risk free essay sample

Inherent risk Computerizing risk Non-routine transactions (Beasley 2010, p268) ‘Transactions that are unusual for the client are more likely than routine transactions to be incorrectly recorded, because of the client often lacks experience in recording them. ’ Why it is risk: Santos use a series of computerizing or IT technology to support their business for increase market competition. IT technology has been used for trade ordering systems between customs and Santos. Customers can order or purchase goods online. Therefore, non-routine transactions might occur if customers not familiar with the computerizing system. What’s more, Computerizing system would always make the same mistake, if the system has not designed properly. Thus, It might also contain some misstatement of transactions or increase opportunities that the transaction record incorrectly, such as , some of sales transactions might record in ‘other income’ due to computerizing system design mistake. Misstatement of sales account would lead to estimate wrong actual profit at the end of financial year, thus it contain risks to estimate wrong also affect the Evidence: Make sure that the computerizing system had been designed properly; review the computerizing system to identify whether there are some mistakes. We will write a custom essay sample on Inherent Risk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Investigate sales account and other income account, identify whether every transaction has been recorded correctly. Management risk Factors related to fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets (ASA 240 incentives/pressures) Adverse relationship between the entity and employees with access to cash or other assets susceptible to the theft may motivate those employees to misappropriate those assets, for xample: promotions, compensation, or other rewards inconsistent with expectations. Management and weaknesses in internal control may be present when misstatement due to either fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation. Why it is risk (ASA240 ) Asset misstatement or been record incorrectly due to motivation that theft could benefit from it. Weak management of internal environment would lead to fraud or misstatement happened by personal motivation.